REVOLUTION I

REVOLUTION I

A revolution is a drastic and far reaching change that occurs relatively quickly. It is coined from the Latin word ‘revolvere’ which means “turn or roll back”. This change is usually a change in social and political institutions over a short period of time or a major change in the economy or culture. Some revolutions are caused by the majority of the population whereas others are caused by a small band of revolutionaries. Also, a palace revolution only touches the ruling elites.

A rebellion on the other hand is the blunt refusal to accept some code or authority or convention. A rebellion could also be an organized opposition to authority; a conflict in which one faction tries to wrest control from another.
SOCIAL AND POLITICAL REVOLUTIONS
Political revolutions are often characterized by violence, and vast changes in power structures that can often result in further institutionalized violence, as in the Russian and French revolutions (with the "Purges" and "the Terror", respectively). A political revolution is the forcible replacement of one set of rulers with another, whilst a social revolution is the fundamental change in the social structure of a society, such as the Protestant Reformation or the Renaissance. In contrast, a coup d'état often seeks to change nothing more than the current ruler

THE FRENCH REVOLUTION

This is perhaps the most popular revolution in history. It occurred between 1789 and 1799. Through the French Revolution, the French Monarch and the Oligarchic government was replaced absolutely by a system of republicanism. The slogan for the French Revolution was "Liberté, égalité, fraternité, ou la mort!" ("Liberty, equality, fraternity, or death!"). this later became the slogan for many militant and human activist groups who sought change in their environment.
CAUSES OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION
The main cause of the French revolution was the fact that the old order and government suppressed the citizens of France in the face of a changing world. The middle class allied with the aggrieved peasants, wage-earners, and individuals of all classes who sought freedom and the practise of Enlightenment as others were practising. As the conflict went on and the power of the legislative increased whereas the power of the monarchy, many of the members of the legislative began to misuse power and also sabotage the monarchy. The abuse of power by the legislative and the struggle between the legislative and the monarchy led to the main causes, which are:

1. A poor economic situation and an unmanageable national debt were both caused and exacerbated by the burden of a grossly inequitable system of taxation, the massive spending of Louis XVI and the many wars of the 18th century;
2. A resentment of royal absolutism;
3.An aspiration for liberty and republicanism;
4.A resentment of manorialism (seigneurialism) by peasants, wage-earners, and, to a lesser extent, the bourgeoisie;
5.The rise of Enlightenment ideals;
6.Food scarcity in the months immediately before the revolution;
7.High unemployment and high bread prices resulting in the inability to purchase food;
8.A resentment of noble privilege and dominance in public life by the ambitious professional classes;
9.A resentment of religious intolerance;
10. The failure of Louis XVI to deal effectively with these problems.
Before the enthronement of Louis XVI in 1774, the French government had undergone a lot of financial crises. The main problem came from Louis XVI (1774-1793) who mismanaged the state’s funds by appointing incompetent ministers to take up sensitive tasks in government. Also, he put up a burdensome tax system that was meant to raise funds particularly to support the American War of Independence (1775-1783).

There were periods of ministerial mismanagement and this led to the dismissal of one minister of the treasury, Anne Robert Jacques Turgot. This dismissal was supported by members of the nobility, clergy and the wife of King Louis XVI, Marie Antoinette. Another minister was appointed to take over the treasury, called Jacques Necker. He was also dismissed because of the criticism of the nobility and the clergy. However, Jacques Necker won popular acclamation from the masses because he published the royal account and showed the heavy cost of privileges and favouritism particularly towards the nobles and clergy. This provoked anger amongst the masses. A series of changes occurred in the government and the legislative was also reshuffled with a number of sanctions on some of them.

Hunger became widespread and the people of Paris began to defy royal decrees openly. Due to pressure, Louis XVI formed a legislative assembly made up of members of the nobility and the clergy. The Queen and Charles Philippe the Comte d’Artois who was the younger brother of King Louis XVI urged the king to call in a foreign regiment to protect Paris. Rioting continued until Bastille, a royal prison was stormed and captured by the demonstrators. Around this time, there was massive rioting in other parts of France, led by peasant farmers against the nobles and other members of the legislative. Fearing serious confusion, a group of royals and top-ranking government officials including Charles Philippe, called émigrés left France.

The middle class who sought a total overthrow of the king formed a provisional government and began to operate. The unrest brought fear to the royals. King Louis XVI then appealed for calm amongst his troops trying to curb the revolution and recalled the former minister of the treasury, Jacques Necker, who had published the secret deals of the royal family as minister. The king ordered the National Constituent Assembly to action. During the night session of August 4, 1789, the clergy, nobles, and bourgeoisie renounced their privileges; a few days later the assembly passed a law abolishing feudal and manorial prerogatives, but providing compensation in certain cases. Parallel legislation included prohibition of the sale of public offices, of exemption from taxation, and of the right of the Roman Catholic Church to levy tithes.

The National Constituent Assembly began to draw a constitution. The main preamble of the constitution was built around the demands of the revolutionaries Liberté, Égalité, Fraternité (“Liberty, Equality, Fraternity”). However, as the Assembly deliberated on what to put in the constitution and what not to put into it, the hungry masses of Paris were being told of rumours of the king’s plans of using food he had hoarded to put them under control and other conspiracies of the royalists. Large crowds marched to the palace and there, the royals were rescued by a brave and popular General, Lafayette. At that time, some of the conservatives of the Constituent Assembly resigned. The Constitution was finally drafted and King Louis XVI accepted it. For the next 15 months, it was used to govern the nation.

On July 17th 1791, a group of Republicans marched to the Champ de Mars to demand for the resignation of King Louis XVI but the military opened fire on them and dispersed them. The bloodshed widened the gap between the commoners and the ruling upper class. The constitution suspended King Louis XVI briefly and he came back into power. There was an election and a legislative council came into power. Not long afterwards, King Leopold II of Belgium and King Fredrick William II of Prussia (Now part of Germany) announced that they would not hesitate to use force to support King Louis XVI of France when the need arose.

The Legislative council was made up of 750 inexperienced representatives who got power from two major parties. Most of the representatives sought their individual personal interest and not the well-being of the masses. They began to oppose each other to the detriment of the nation. Whereas the group backing the King sought the dissolution of the Legislative Council altogether, so that they could get more favours from the King, the group that was more aligned to the Revolutionaries sought to use their powers to wage war against the Kings of Prussia and Belgium who had promised support for King Louis XVI.

Finally, the members of the Legislative Council who sought external war with the foreign kings got their wish. On the battlefield, the French soldiers were divided along party lines. Though they were more powerful, they had to struggle to win certain portions of the war. Back from the war, there was confusion between the factions that were coined right from the Legislative Assembly. The price of food increased and there were mob actions and demonstrations. During one of the marches, a group marched to the palace and began to protest against the king. Marie Antoinette, the Queen, who had become unpopular because of her lavish hairstyle during the period of hunger and hardships refused to give the people concessions. Instead, she ordered her troops to charge on the masses. Violence followed and she was captured alongside King Louis XVI.

Joseph Ignace Guillotin, a deputy since 1789 had made a law that all public executions must be carried out by a decapitation machine that was believed to promote more equality and humane termination of life. The device became known as the guillotine. As the King and Queen were in custody, they were tried by the Convention, a surviving caucus of the Legislative Council. King Louis XVI was found guilty for "conspiracy against the public liberty and the general safety" and executed by guillotine. The head of King Louis XVI was thrown down as a challenge to all other monarchs particularly the Kings of Prussia and Belgium. Within the next few days, a committee and tribunal were formed to try and kill implicated leaders in the interior of France. The Committees were under the general leadership of Maximillien Robespierre belonged to a group called the Jacobin who introduced the Reign of Terror. All in all, between 18,000 and 40,000 people were guilliotined including Maximillien Robespierre who was also found guilty under his own laws.
A new constitution was adopted called Directoire or Directory. It gave right to the formation of two Houses of Parliament consisting of 500 representatives and 250 senators. Executive powers was given to five ‘directors’. There was massive demonstrations and rebellions by the Jacobins and Royalists but the military under the Directory suppressed them successfully until a successful General called Napoleon Bonaparte gained a lot of power. On 9th November, 1799, General Napoleon Bonaparte staged a coup and declared himself Consulate. Finally, after a long period of dictatorship, Napoleon declared himself Emperor.
OBSERVATION
It is observed that the root of the French Revolution came from the weakness of King Louis XVI. He was double-minded where he was supposed to take action and that was what led to indiscipline amongst the lower ranks and his loss of control all over the nation. The King failed to deal with the push and pull factors when he was supposed to. This suggests that no matter how powerful a leader may be, if he fails to use his power at the righ time, no form of force can be applied to make up for the wrong step.

Also, having all the power and failing to have checks and balances is a recipe for disaster. One of the descendants of the royals who fled, the emigres, called Baron John Edward Acton (1834-1902), made the popular statement, “Power tends to corrupt and absolute power corrupts absolutely”. Perhaps the problem of King Louis XVI was not the overuse of power but the inability to use power when it mattered most.

THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION

This is the most popular social and religious revolutions in history. Before the 14th Century, all Christians belonged to the Roman Catholic Church. The protestant reformation began with the questioning of certain practices of the Catholic Church. Some of these practices included the sale of indulgence; which was the ability to pay for intercessory prayers before he went to commit a particular sin, for example, before going to sleep with another’s wife, one could talk to a priest, pay for prayers and then go on to commit adultery with the belief that the sin has been compensated for. Other practices in the Catholic Church were the compulsory requirement for pilgrimage to holy sites, veneration of the saints and their relics as well as the poor educational and moral standards of the clergies.

The first man to question all these in the Roman Catholic Church was John Wycliffe who attacked all these practices directly. He began by translating the Bible into English. This was against the laws of the Roman Catholic Church that required the Bible to be in Latin only. Wycliffe was excommunicated from the Catholic Church by the Papacy in 1411 and burnt at the stake in 1415. His followers, the Hussites began an armed uprising and fought wars with the Roman Catholic Church. Previously, during the Great Schism, the authority of the Catholic Church had been divided broadly.

The actual Protestant Revolution began with Martin Luther, a German, in October 1517. He was an Augustinian monk with his hair shaven. During that time, Europe was threatened by Islamic invasion so Luther opened the debate into the issue of the sale of indulgence which required church members to pay for intercessory prayers before they entered sin. Martin Luther wrote 95 theses and tradition has it that he nailed it to the door of the Wittenberg Castle’s Church. This pushed a swift realization and awareness amongst the people, particularly when the 95 theses were reproduced by the then newly invented printing press. In Switzerland, another man, Huldrych Zwingli had also begun printing articles against the practices of the Catholic Church. Erasmus also from present day Holland began to write on Christian Mysticism and Humanism which was against the Catholic Church.

The writings of another man, John Calvin created loose consensus about the practices of the Catholic Church. Not long after, Henry VIII separeted the Church of England from the Roman Catholic Chruch and this was completed in 1536. Martin Luther was excommunicated from the Roman Catholic Church with the others. The frustrated reformers began what became known as the Renaissance or Re-Birth in Europe. The renaissance was based on academic freedom and liberalisation in all fields of study and improvement of humanity.

Based on the Renaissance, music, art, science, philosophy and business improved rapidly throughout Europe. The Roman Catholic church had no other choice but to move on to catch up with the Protestants to ensure a better Europe when the Reformers proved their point.

Afterwards, many thinkers from the earlier Reformers joined together and formed churches that spread throughout the world. Amongst them was John Wesley who formed the Methodist Movement from the Calvinist ideals.
OBSERVATIONS
The Roman Catholic Chruch started off very well under the able and anointed leadership of Peter, the closest disciple of Jesus Christ. However, over hundreds of years, many leaders of the Church that Jesus Christ built on Peter, the Rock was corrupted. This implies that leaders of churches with a vision of eternal existence and perpetual succession must put in place a foundation that cannot be broken or manipulated in future when the leader is not alive. This calls for a proper machinery from the onset that would promote checks and balances and also encourage constructive criticism right from the years the visioner or founder is alive to work as a lasting ordinance for the generations to follow. In this direction, changes in the move of God and the society can be assimilated into the church to promote effectiveness. It is noted that although the Jews do not often live together as a single entity, they are often very firm in keeping their ordinances handed over from the days of Moses. This means that the Christian Chruch must go to the Old Testament to take up certain principles that aided the careful handing down of Jewish religious priniples to future generations.

THE DELIVERANCE REVOLUTION IN AFRICA

It is interesting to note that the name Jesus is is derived from a Greek rendering of the Hebrew name Joshua, or in full Yehoshuah (“Jehovah is deliverance”). This underscores the identification of Jesus Christ with the Ministry of Deliverance! The title Christ is derived from the Greek christos, a translation of the Hebrew mashiakh (“anointed one”), or Messiah.

In Africa, where idol worship and animist practices play a vital role in the daily lives of people, Christianity was introduced after the continent was discovered in the late 1400s. Over the first 500 years of European contact with Africa, the Gospel has been preached over the years to the native Africans. Many Africans only accepted it because of the security, advancement and social improvement the European Missionaries brought. Over the years therefore, many Africans went to church for the sake of formality but deep down their hearts, they believed in the efficacy of their gods and idols.

The Deliverance Revolution in Africa was begun in Nigeria where, the use of African traditional spiritual powers for injurious purposes was at its peak. There was therefore the need for a massive turn around that would guarantee the exeption of the African Christian from the destructive forces of the African traditional charms and rituals. Many Christian Priests spent long hours praying for God to undertake a revival on the continent. Finally, ministries began to spring up that carved the spiritual realms into two; the good and the evil. With that mentality, leaders of such ministries were able to teach their members how to pray and wage spiritual war to break free from the world of evil or darkness for the world of good and perfection.

The message of deliverance is the most important and effective message the ordinary African needs. Without the message of deliverance to provide fast-track elevation of Africans from poverty, hunger and disease into wealth and better living, the African people would spend years trying to bridge the gap between them and the rest of the world. The solution is a revolution; a large scale and liberalised spread of the message of deliverance to provide a sudden turnaround in the issue of spiritual connection to powers of local gods, demons and idols.

Africa therefore needs a very effective method of resounding the message of deliverance to all and sundry. Just as the Protestant Reformation in Europe became successful because of the liberalisation and easy flow of information, the African Deliverance Revolution can also benefit Africans fully with the liberal spread of the message of deliverance. Plausible methods of spreading the concept of deliverance include:

Movies: Most Pastors involved in the Ministry of Deliverance have gained a vast wealth of experience in working in the house of God. In conjuction with the professionals of the movie industry, many Pastors can form Movie Ministry Section in their churches. This section of the church would sit down with the Pastors and draft movie scripts that can be acted based on real life issues, recorded by video camera and sold all over Africa. This can be a revenue generation activity and can also affect lives positively and improve the understanding of the ministry of deliverance. In a nation like Ghana where the movie industry is yet to be developed, entry into the markets would not be so difficult.
Use of Radical Slogans: Every revolution has a slogan. The use of slogans like “You either destroy the wicked spirits or the wicked spirits would destroy you” on flyers and posters can push people into thinking and reconsidering the ministry of deliverance.
Books: This has been done effectively by the most powerful Pastors of deliverance ministries like Pastor Enoch Aminu. With the encouragement of all ministers who have spent considerable time in the ministry to put down their experiences in the ministry, there could be a heap of knowledge and massive promotion of the ministry of deliverance.
Through Schools: Teachers who have come to understand the ministry of deliverance should be encouraged to talk briefly on the subject to their students to build the awareness of the younger generation. This can be effective if teachers in deliverance ministries are organised under one umbrella and taught how to go about this in a very subtle but efficient manner.
Liberalism: If the ministry promotes a liberal and casual outward system, many people are likely to be invited. Since strictness and firmness is the backbone of the ministry of deliverance, when the members come into the church they would have to conform to the rules of the ministry. However, on the outside, ministries of deliverance must be more liberal.

Sources:
Wikipedia Encyclopedia
Microsoft Encarta
Wordweb Dictionary

DISCIPLESHIP

DISCIPLESHIP
The term ‘disciple’ is defined in several ways. Notable amongst these definitions are:

1. WordWeb Dictionary: Someone who believes and helps to spread the doctrine of another
2. Oxford Dictionary: (1) A follower of a religious, political, artistic etc leader or teacher. (2) Any of the 12 close followers of Christ during His life.
3. Cassell Popular English Dictionary: (1) A pupil or adherent (of a philosopher, leader etc) (2) A follower (of a particular cult, area of interest etc) (3) One of the early followers, especially on of the twelve personal followers of Christ.

DISCIPLESHIP IN OTHER RELIGIONS
In Hinduism, most of the bhakti movements are said to have been founded by ‘saints’—the gurus by whom the tradition has been handed down in unbroken lineage, from guru to disciple. After years of training, the disciple becomes a guru.

Buddha began to preach, wandering from place to place, gathering a body of disciples, and organizing them into a monastic community known as the sangha. It was in this way that he spent the rest of his life.

The disciples or devotees Hinduism and Buddhism are required to take an oath to stay without physical possessions and dedicate their entire lives to the advancement of their creed and beliefs. They eat restricted diets and undergo very rigid tasks daily.

BIBLICAL PRINCIPLES OF DISCIPLESHIP
Jesus Christ called His disciples in John 1:40-51. Jesus called his first disciples, “Simon who is called Peter and Andrew his brother” (Matthew 4:18) and “James the son of Zebedee and John his brother” (Matthew 4:21). This is what became known as the Four. It is observed that three of them became the closest associates of Jesus Christ.

Later, as his followers increased in number, Jesus selected more and they became 12 disciples in all. The names of the 12 is as follows:
Simon, called Peter
Andrew (whom Matthew and Luke identify as the brother of Simon Peter),
James (called the son of Zebedee by Mark and Matthew),
John (Mark and Matthew identify him as the brother of James, son of Zebedee),
Philip ,
Bartholomew,
Matthew (whom the Matthew evangelist identifies as a publican), named Levi in Luke and Mark ,
Thomas,
James, the son of Alphaeus,
Simon, called a zealot in Mark, Matthew, and Luke ,
Judas Iscariot ,
Jude Thaddaeus, called Thaddaues by Mark, Lebbaeus Thaddaeus by Matthew, and Judas, son of James by Luke

The most widely used definition of discipleship by Jesus Christ comes from John 13:34-35: "I give you a new commandment, that you love one another. Just as I have loved you, you also should love one another. By this everyone will know that you are my disciples, if you have love for one another." (NRSV).

The most outspoken chapter on discipleship is found in Luke 14. In this chapter, Jesus Christ told his disciples what it meant to be his disciple.

During Jesus’ three-year ministry, it is observed that there were several things that the disciples did. They include:

1. Giving up everything they had to follow Jesus. (Mark 10:28: Then Peter began to say unto Him, Lo, we have left all and have followed thee: this indicates that Peter left everything he had including his business as a fisherman, family and riches.) Also, Luke 14:26 Whoever comes to me and does not hate father and mother, wife and children, brothers and sisters, yes, and even life itself, cannot be my disciple. And Luke 14:33 says So therefore, none of you can become my disciple if you do not give up all your possessions
2. Brokenness: The disciples were humble and down to earth. Though some of them were richer, more educated or older than Jesus Christ, they put everything aside and concentrated on learning the spiritual knowledge and expertise that Jesus Christ taught without questioning.
3. Forgetting all what was going on in the world. They became alien citizens of this world and they were adjoined to the Kingdom of God with only one King, Jesus Christ.
4. Learning the way of the life that Jesus Christ put up. Jesus Christ mentored them and they therefore used his life as a model life which they led.
5. Carrying the burden of Jesus Christ as it came. Luke 14:27 Whoever does not carry the cross and follow me cannot be my disciple.
6. Taking lectures and conscious lessons from Jesus Christ. This was evident in that whenever Jesus Christ noticed that the disciples were advancing to a higher level, he taught them about deeper spiritual things.
7. Loving one another was a commandment Jesus Christ gave to his disciples in John 13:34-35.

GRADUATION OF THE DISCIPLES TO APOSTLES

After the death of Jesus Christ, the disciples were totally shocked and surprised about the situation at hand. They were confused and unsure of the next move until the Holy Spirit came upon them. When the Holy Spirit came upon the disciples, they graduated from disciples to Apostles. They became independent practitioners of the principles of Jesus Christ with the guidance of the Holy Spirit.

As Apostles, the disciples began to preach and teach the word of God without looking out for further guidance and support. Apostleship begins when disciples get the power and right to do the will of God. This can only be possible when the Holy Spirit is firmly grounded in the disciple.


CHURCHIANITY VERSUS DISCIPLESHIP
It is observed that the 12 disciples were the core of the church. However, apart from the 12, much is not known about the number of other disciples who moves with Jesus Christ. Luke 6:17 states that And He came down with them and stood in the plain, and the company of His disciples, and a great multitude of people out of all Judaea and Jerusalem, and from the sea coast of Tyre and Sidon, which came to hear him and to be healed.
Additionally, seventy people are sent out in pairs to prepare the way for Jesus (Luke 10). They are sometimes referred to as "the Seventy" or "the Seventy Disciples". They are to eat any food offered, heal the sick and spread the word; that God's reign is coming, that whoever hears them hears Jesus, whoever rejects them rejects Jesus and whoever rejects Jesus rejects the One who sent him. In addition they are granted great powers over the enemy and their names are written in heaven.
This means that although there were 12 people very close to Jesus Christ, there were others who were also studying His ways. The names of some of these people are mentioned in the Acts of the Apostles. Some of these people were given greater assignments in the body of Christ and through them, the church was established firmly.

In 12/70 Paradigm Shift, Reverend Eastwood Anaba linked the 12 disciples to the 12 sons of Jacob and the 12 spies Moses sent out who brought a bad report in the Old Testament. The similarities they had was that there was competition in their midst. They all struggled and argued over who is supposed to be the greatest. There was rigidity, restrictions and sceptism in the midst of the 12 for example John once stopped a man casting out demons with the power of God, Judah ordered Joseph to be sold because he had seen through a dream that he was supposed to be the greatest. In the same way, Joshua, one of the spies Moses sent out, stopped Eldad and Melded from prophesying when the power of God came upon them although they were not part of the 70.

Reverend Anaba identified in the 12/70 Paradigm Shift that in the midst of the 70, there is flexibility and there are few restrictions. It is through the 70, that God reaches the masses. He pointed out that through the Jethro system, the 70 elders of Israel that Moses imparted power to became the core of the Sanhedrin and the Jewish legal system. Also, after the death of Jesus Christ, the 70 became the core of the Church.

Many people associate Peter with the 12 (Discipleship) and Paul with the 70 (Churchianity). These two people in the Body of Christ taught the doctrine of Jesus Christ but from two different perspectives.

Peter believed that whoever will believe in Jesus Christ, and will obey and follow Him, has entered into the Kingdom of God and has received eternal life and the power to walk in righteousness by the Holy Spirit.

However, many Paulinists believe that Accepting, Believing and Confessing Jesus Christ as your Lord and Personal Saviour brings you into the church, thereby giving you an avenue to be saved. This was the approach Paul used and he spread the Gospel far and wide. This was a very spiritual approach and everyone who accepted it got a new birth and a new spirit that directed him from within.

It is observed that both approaches have their backing from God. Every Christian therefore has the responsibility of choosing the approach that he has faith and confidence in.

WOMEN DISCIPLES IN THE BIBLE
In Luke (10:38–42), Mary, sister of Lazarus is contrasted with her sister Martha, who was "cumbered about many things" while Jesus was their guest, while Mary had chosen "the better part," that of listening to the master's discourse. John names her as the "one who had anointed the Lord with perfumed oil and dried his feet with her hair" (11:2). In Luke, an unidentified "sinner" in the house of a Pharisee annoints Jesus' feet. Any pre-existing relationship between Jesus and Lazarus himself, prior to the miracle, is unspecified by John. In Catholic folklore, Mary, the sister of Lazarus, is seen as the same as Mary Madgalene
Luke refers to a number of people accompanying Jesus and the twelve. From among them he names three women: "Mary, called Magdalene, ... and Joanna the wife of Herod's steward Chuza, and Susanna, and many others, who provided for them out of their resources" (Luke 8:2-3). Mary Magdalene and Joanna are among the women who went to prepare Jesus' body in Luke's account of the resurrection, and who later told the apostles and other disciples about the empty tomb and words of the "two men in dazzling clothes". Mary Magdalene is the most well-known of the disciples outside of the Twelve. More is written in the gospels about her than the other female followers. There is also a large body of lore and literature covering her.
Other gospel writers differ as to which women witness the crucifixion and witness to the resurrection. Mark includes Mary, the mother of James and Salome (not to be confused with Salomé the daughter of Herodias) at the crucifixion and Salome at the tomb. John includes Mary the wife of Clopas at the crucifixion.
THE VIEW OF MODERN APOSTLES ON DISCIPLESHIP

Modern Apostles often choose between the Discipleship and Churchian Approach. Dr. D. K. Olukoya blends these two approaches by introducing a third way. In most of his sermons, he talks about a very Pauline approach of salvation by accepting, believing and confessing Jesus Christ as Lord and Saviour. Afterwards, he encourages the use of a very spiritual approach to break away from spiritual ties in a conscious deliverance programme. This method is becoming popular in Africa which has a long history of idolatry.

SOURCES:
1. Wordweb Dictionary
2. Microsoft Encarta
3. Wikipedia Encyclopedia
4. Discipleship Net
5. 12/70 Paradigm Shift, Eastwood Anaba